suivant:
The CAS functions
monter:
Symbolic algebra and Mathematics
précédent:
Index
Index
Table des matières
Index
The CAS functions
Symbolic constants : e pi infinity i
Booleans
The values of a boolean : true false
Tests : ==, !=, >, >=, <, =<
Boolean operators : or xor and not
Transform a boolean expression as a list : exp2list
Evaluate booleans : evalb
Operators bit to bit
Operators bitor, bitxor, bitand
Hamming distance bit to bit : hamdist
Strings
Character and string : "
First character, middle and end of a string : head mid tail
Concatenation of a sequence of words : cumSum
ASCII code of a character : ord
ASCII code of a string : asc
String defined by the ASCII codes of its characters : char
Find a character in a string : inString
Concat objects into a string : cat
Add an object to a string : +
Transform an integer into a string : cat +
Transform a string into a number : expr
Write an integer in a b basis: convert
Integers (and Gaussian Integers)
The factorial : factorial
GCD : gcd igcd
GCD : Gcd
GCD of a list of integers : lgcd
The least common multiple : lcm
Decomposition into prime factors : ifactor
List of prime factors : ifactors
Matrix of factors : maple_ifactors
The divisors of a number : idivis divisors
The integer Euclidean quotient : iquo intDiv
The integer Euclidean remainder : irem remain smod mods mod %
Euclidean quotient and euclidean remainder of two integers : iquorem
Test of evenness : even
Test of oddness : odd
Test of pseudo-primality : is_pseudoprime
Test of primality : is_prime isprime isPrime
The smallest pseudo-prime greater than n : nextprime
The greatest pseudo-prime less than n : prevprime
The n-th prime number : ithprime
Bézout's Identity : iegcd igcdex
Solving au+bv=c in
:
iabcuv
Chinese remainders : ichinrem, ichrem
Chinese remainders for lists of integers : chrem
Solving
a
2
+
b
2
=
p
in
:
pa2b2
The Euler indicatrix : euler phi
Legendre symbol : legendre_symbol
Jacobi symbol : jacobi_symbol
Combinatory analysis
Factorial : factorial !
Binomial coefficients : binomial comb nCr
Arrangements : perm nPr
Random integers : rand
Rationals
Transform a floating point number into a rational : exact float2rational
Integer and fractional part : propfrac propFrac
Numerator of a fraction after simplification : numer getNum
Denominator of a fraction after simplification : denom getDenom
Numerator and denominator of a fraction : f2nd fxnd
Simplification of a pair of integers : simp2
Continued fraction representation of a real : dfc
Transform a continued fraction representation into a real : dfc2f
The n-th Bernoulli number : bernoulli
Access to PARI/GP commands: pari
Real numbers
Eval a real at a given precision : evalf and Digits, DIGITS)
Usual infixed functions on reals : +,-,*,/,^
Usual prefixed functions on reals : rdiv
n-th root : root
Error function : erf
Complementary error function: erfc
The
function :
Gamma
The
function :
Beta
Derivatives of the DiGamma fonction : Psi
The
function :
Zeta
Airy functions : Airy_Ai and Airy_Bi
Permutations
Random permutation : randperm
Decomposition as a product of disjoint cycles : permu2cycles
Product of disjoint cycles to permutation: cycles2permu
Transform a cycle into permutation : cycle2perm
Transform a permutation into a matrix : permu2mat
Checking for a permutation : is_permu
Checking for a cycle : is_cycle
Product of two permutations : p1op2
Composition of a cycle and a permutation : c1op2
Composition of a permutation and a cycle : p1oc2
Product of two cycles : c1oc2
Signature of a permutation : signature
Inverse of a permutation : perminv
Inverse of a cycle : cycleinv
Order of a permutation : permuorder
Group generated by two permutations : groupermu
Complex numbers
Usual complex functions : +,-,*,/,^
Real part of a complex number : re real
Imaginary part of a complex number : im imag
Write a complex as re(z)+i*im(z) : evalc
Modulus of a complex number : abs
Argument of a complex number : arg
The normalized complex number : normalize unitV
Conjuguate of a complex number : conj
Multiplication by the complex conjugate : mult_c_conjugate
Barycenter of complex numbers : barycentre
Algebraic expressions
Evaluate an expression : eval
Evaluate algebraic expressions : evala
Prevent evaluation : quote hold '
Force evaluation : unquote
Distributivity : expand fdistrib
Canonical form : canonical_form
Multiplication by the conjugate quantity : mult_conjugate
Separation of variables : split
Factorisation : factor
Complex factorisation : cFactor
Zeros of an expression : zeros
Complex zeros of an expression : cZeros
Normal form : normal
Simplify : simplify
Normal form for rational fractions : ratnormal
Substitue a variable by a value : subst
Substitue a variable by a value (Maple and Mupad compatibility) : subs
Evaluate a primitive at boundaries: preval
Sub-expression of an expression : part
Values of u
n
Array of values of a sequence : tablefunc
Table of values and graph of a recurrent sequence : tableseq and plotseq
Operators or infixed functions
Usual operators :+, -, *, /, ^
Xcas operators
Define an operator: user_operator
Functions and expressions with symbolic variables
Difference between function and expression
Transform an expression into a fonction : unapply
Top and leaves of an expression : sommet feuille op
Functions
Context-dependant functions.
Usual functions
Defining algebraic functions
Composition of two functions: @
Repeted function composition: @@
Define a fonction with the history : as_function_of
Derivation and applications.
Functional derivative : function_diff
Length of an arc : arcLen
Maximum and minimum of an expression: fMax fMin
Table of values and graph : tablefunc and plotfunc
Derivative and partial derivative
Integration
Antiderivative and definite integral : integrate int Int
Discrete summation: sum
Riemann sum : sum_riemann
Integration by parts : ibpdv et ibpu
Change of variables : subst
Limits
Limites : limit
Integral and limit
Rewriting transcendental and trigonometric expressions
Expand a transcendental and trigonometric expression : texpand tExpand
Combine terms of same type : combine
Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions
Expand a trigonometric expression : trigexpand
Linearize a trigonometric expression : tlin
Put together sine and cosine of the same angle : tcollect tCollect
Simplify : simplify
Transform arccos into arcsin : acos2asin
Transform arccos into arctan : acos2atan
Transform arcsin into arccos : asin2acos
Transform arcsin into arctan : asin2atan
Transform arctan into arcsin : atan2asin
Transform arctan into arccos : atan2acos
Transform complex exponentials into sin and cos : sincos exp2trig
Transform tan(x) into sin(x)/cos(x) : tan2sincos
Rewrite tan(x) with sin(2x) and cos(2x) : tan2sincos2
Rewrite tan(x) with cos(2x) and sin(2x) : tan2cossin2
Rewrite sin, cos, tan in terms of tan(x/2) : halftan
Rewrite trigonometric functions as function of tan(x/2) and hyperbolic functions as function of exp(x): halftan_hyp2exp
Transform inverse trigonometric functions into logarithms : atrig2ln
Transform trigonometric functions into complex exponentials : trig2exp
Simplify and express preferentially with sine : trigsin
Simplify and express preferentially with cosine : trigcos
Simplify and express preferentially with tangents : trigtan
Rewrite an expression with different options : convert convertir
Fourier transformation
Fourier coefficients : fourier_an and fourier_bn or fourier_cn
Discrete Fourier Transform
Fast Fourier Transform : fft
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform : ifft
An exercice with fft
Exponentials and Logarithms
Rewrite hyperbolic functions as exponentials : hyp2exp
Expand exponentials : expexpand
Expand logarithms : lnexpand
Linearize exponentials : lin
Collect logarithms : lncollect
Expand powers : powexpand
Rewrite a power as an exponential : pow2exp
Rewrite exp(n*ln(x)) as a power : exp2pow
Simplify complex exponentials : tsimplify
Polynomials
Convert to a symbolic polynomial : r2e poly2symb
Convert from a symbolic polynomial : e2r symb2poly
Coefficients of a polynomial: coeff coeffs
Polynomial degree : degree
Polynomial valuation : valuation ldegree
Leading coefficient of a polynomial : lcoeff
Trailing coefficient degree of a polynomial : tcoeff
Evaluation of a polynomial : peval polyEval
Factorize x
n
in a polynomial : factor_xn
GCD of the coefficients of a polynomial : content
Primitive part of a polynomial : primpart
Factorization : collect
Factorization : factor factoriser
Square-free factorization : sqrfree
List of factors : factors
Evaluate a polynomial : horner
Rewrite in terms of the powers of (x-a) : ptayl
Compute with the exact root of a polynomial : rootof
Exact roots of a polynomial : roots
Coefficients of a polynomial defined by its roots : pcoeff pcoef
Truncate of order n : truncate
Convert a series expansion into a polynomial : convert convertir
Random polynomial : randpoly randPoly
Change the order of variables : reorder
Random list : ranm
Lagrange's polynomial : lagrange interp
Natural splines: spline
Arithmetic and polynomials
The divisors of a polynomial : divis
Euclidean quotient : quo
Euclidean quotient : Quo
Euclidean remainder : rem
Euclidien remainder: Rem
Quotient and remainder : quorem divide
GCD of two polynomials with Euclide algorithm: gcd
GCD of two polynomials with Euclide algorithm : Gcd
Choosing the GCD algorithm of two polynomials : ezgcd heugcd modgcd psrgcd
LCM of two polynomials : lcm
Bézout's Identity : egcd gcdex
Solving au+bv=c over polynomials: abcuv
Chinese remainders : chinrem
Cyclotomic polynomial : cyclotomic
Sturm sequences and number of sign changes of P on ]a; b] : sturm
Number of zeros in [a, b[ : sturmab
Sturm sequences : sturmseq
Sylvester matrix of two polynomials : sylvester
Resultant of two polynomials : resultant
Orthogonal polynomials
Legendre polynomials: legendre
Hermite polynomial : hermite
Laguerre polynomials: laguerre
Tchebychev polynomials of first kind: tchebyshev1
Tchebychev polynomial of second kind: tchebyshev2
Gröbner basis and Gröbner reduction
Gröbner basis : gbasis
Gröbner reduction : greduce
Build a polynomial from it's evaluation : genpoly
Rational fractions
Numerator : getNum
Numerator after simplification : numer
Denominator : getDenom
Denominator after simplification : denom
Numerator and denominator : f2nd fxnd
Simplify : simp2
Common denominator : comDenom
Integer and fractional part : propfrac
Partial fraction expansion : partfrac
Exact roots of a polynomial
Exact bounds for complex roots of a polynomial : complexroot
Exact bounds for real roots of a polynomial : realroot
Exact values of rational roots of a polynomial : rationalroot
Exact values of the complex rational roots of a polynomial : crationalroot
Exact roots and poles
Roots and poles of a rational function : froot
Rational function given by roots and poles : fcoeff
Computing in
/
p
or in
/
p
[
x
]
Expand and reduce : normal
Addition in
/
p
or in
/
p
[
x
] :
+
Substraction in
/
p
or in
/
p
[
x
] :
-
Multiplication in
/
p
or in
/
p
[
x
] :
*
Euclidian quotient : quo
Euclidian remainder : rem
Euclidian quotient and euclidian remainder : quorem
Division in
/
p
or in
/
p
[
x
] :
/
Power in
/
p
and in
/
p
[
x
] :
^
Compute a
n
mod p : powmod powermod
Inverse in
/
p
:
inv inverse
or
/
Rebuild a fraction from it's value modulo p : fracmod
GCD in
/
p
[
x
] :
gcd
Factorization over
/
p
[
x
] :
factor factoriser
Determinant of a matrix in
/
p
:
det
Inverse of a matrix with coefficients in
/
p
:
inv inverse
Row reduction to echelon form in
/
p
:
rref
Construction of a Galois field : GF
Factorize a polynomial with coefficients in a Galois field : factor
Compute in
/
p
[
x
] using Maple syntax
Euclidean quotient : Quo
Euclidien remainder: Rem
GCD in
/
p
[
x
] :
Gcd
Factorization in
/
p
[
x
] :
Factor
Determinant of a matrix with coefficients in
/
p
:
Det
Inverse of a matrix in
/
p
:
Inverse
Row reduction to echelon form in
/
p
:
Rref
Taylor and asymptotic expansions
Division by increasing power order : divpc
Taylor expansion : taylor
Series expansion : series
Résidu d'une expression en un point : residue
Padé expansion: pade
Intervals
Definition of an interval : a1..a2
Boundaries of an interval : left right
Center of an interval : interval2center
Intervals defined by their center : center2interval
Sequences
Definition : seq[] ()
Concat two sequences : ,
Get an element of a sequence : []
Sub-sequence of a sequence : []
Make a sequence or a list : seq $
Transform a sequence into a list : [] nop
The + operator applied on sequences
Sets
Definition : set[]
Union of two sets or of two lists : union
Intersection of two sets or of two lists : intersect
Difference of two sets or of two lists : minus
Lists and vectors
Definition
Get an element or a sub-list of a list : at []
Extract a sub-list : mid
Get the first element of a list : head
Remove an element in a list : suppress
Remove the first element : tail
Reverse order in a list : revlist
Reverse a list starting from its n-th element : rotate
Permuted list from its n-th element : shift
Modify an element in a list : subsop
Transform a list into a sequence : op makesuite
Transform a sequence into a list : makevector []
Length of a list : size nops length
Sizes of a list of lists : sizes
Concatenate two lists or a list and an element : concat augment
Append an element at the end of a list : append
Prepend an element at the begining of a list : prepend
Sort : sort
Sort a list by increasing order : SortA
Sort a list by decreasing order : SortD
Select the elements of a list : select
Remove elements of a list : remove
Test if a value is in a list : member
Test if a value is in a list : contains
Sum of list (or matrix) elements transformed by a function : count
Number of elements equal to a given value : count_eq
Number of elements smaller than a given value : count_inf
Number of elements greater than a given value : count_sup
Sum of elements of a list : sum add
Cumulated sum of the elements of a list : cumSum
Product : product mul
Apply a function of one variable to the elements of a list : map apply of
Apply a bivariate function to the elements of two lists : zip
Make a list with zeros : newList
Make a list with a function : makelist
Make a random vector or list : randvector
List of differences of consecutive terms : deltalist
Make a matrix with a list : list2mat
Make a list with a matrix : mat2list
Functions for vectors
Norms of a vector : maxnorm l1norm l2norm norm
Normalize a vector : normalize unitV
Term by term sum of two lists : + .+
Term by term difference of two lists : - .-
Term by term product of two lists : .*
Term by term quotient of two lists : ./
Scalar product : scalar_product * dotprod dot dotP scalar_Product
Cross product : cross crossP crossproduct
Statistic functions : mean,variance,stddev, stddevp,median,quantile,quartiles,boxwhisker
Table with string as index : table
Usual matrix
Identity matrix : idn identity
Zero matrix : newMat matrix
Random matrix : ranm randMat randmatrix
Diagonal of a matrix or matrix of a diagonal : BlockDiagonal diag
Jordan bloc : JordanBlock
Hilbert matrix : hilbert
Vandermonde matrix : vandermonde
Arithmetic and matrix
Evaluate a matrix : evalm
Addition and substraction of two matrices : + - .+ .-
Multiplication of two matrices : * &*
Addition of elements of a column of a matrix : sum
Cumulated sum of elements of each column of a matrix : cumSum
Multiplication of elements of each column of a matrix : product
Power of a matrix : ^ &^
Hadamard product : hadamard product
Hadamard product (infixed version): .*
Hadamard division (infixed version): ./
Hadamard power (infixed version): .^
Extracting element(s) of a matrix : [] at
Modify an element or a row of a matrix : subsop
Extract rows or columns of a matrix (Maple compatibility) : row col
Remove rows or columns of a matrix : delrows delcols
Extract a sub-matrix of a matrix (TI compatibility) : subMat
Add a row to another row : rowAdd
Multiply a row by an expression : mRow
Add k times a row to an another row : mRowAdd
Exchange two rows : rowSwap
Make a matrix with a list of matrix : blockmatrix
Make a matrix from two matrices : semi_augment
Make a matrix from two matrices : augment concat
Build a matrix with a function : makemat
Define a matrix : matrix
Append a column to a matrix : border
Count the elements of a matrix verifying a property : count
Count the elements equal to a given value : count_eq
Count the elements smaller than a given value : count_inf
Count the elements greater than a given value : count_sup
Statistics functions acting on column matrices : mean, stddev, variance, median, quantile, quartiles, boxwhisker
Dimension of a matrix : dim
Number of rows : rowdim rowDim nrows
Number of columns : coldim colDim ncols
Linear algebra
Transpose of a matrix : tran transpose
Inverse of a matrix : inv /
Trace of a matrix : trace
Determinant of a matrix : det
Determinant of a sparse matrix : det_minor
Rank of a matrix : rank
Transconjugate of a matrix : trn
Equivalent matrix : changebase
Basis of a linear subspace : basis
Basis of the intersection of two subspaces : ibasis
Image of a linear application : image
Kernel of a linear application : kernel nullspace ker
Kernel of a linear application : Nullspace
Subspace generated by the columns of a matrix : colspace
Subspace generated by the rows of a matrix : rowspace
Linear Programmation
Simplex algorithm: simplex_reduce
Different matrix norm
l
2
matrix norm : nomm l2norm
l
matrix norm :
maxnorm
Matrix row norm : rownorm rowNorm
Matrix column norm : colnorm colNorm
Matrix reduction
Eigenvalues : eigenvals
Eigenvalues : egvl eigenvalues eigVl
Eigenvectors : egv eigenvectors eigenvects eigVc
Rational Jordan matrix : rat_jordan
Jordan normal form : jordan
Characteristic polynomial : charpoly
Characteristic polynomial using Hessenberg algorithm : pcar_hessenberg
Minimal polynomial : pmin
Adjoint matrix : adjoint_matrix
Companion matrix of a polynomial : companion
Hessenberg matrix reduction : hessenberg
Hermite normal form : ihermite
Smith normal form : ismith
Isometries
Recognize an isometry : isom
Find the matrix of an isometry : mkisom
Matrix factorizations
Cholesky decomposition : cholesky
QR decomposition : qr
QR decomposition (for TI compatibility) : QR
LU decomposition : lu
LU decomposition (for TI compatibility) : LU
Singular value decomposition : svd
Short basis of a lattice : lll
Quadratic forms
Matrix of a quadratic form : q2a
Transform a matrix into a quadratic form : a2q
Reduction of a quadratic form : gauss
Gramschmidt orthonormalization : gramschmidt
Graph of a conic : conique
Conic reduction : conique_reduite
Graph of a quadric : quadrique
Quadric reduction : quadrique_reduite
Multivariate calculus
Gradient : derive deriver diff grad
Laplacian : laplacian
Hessian matrix : hessian
Divergence : divergence
Rotationnal : curl
Potential : potential
Conservative flux field : vpotential
Equations
Define an equation : equal
Transform an equation into a difference : equal2diff
Transform an equation into a list : equal2list
The left member of an equation : left gauche lhs
The right member of an equation : right droit rhs
Solving equation(s): solve
Equation solving in
:
cSolve
Linear systems
Matrix of a system : syst2mat
Gauss reduction of a matrix : ref
Gauss-Jordan reduction: rref gaussjord
Solving A*X=B : simult
Step by step Gauss-Jordan reduction of a matrix : pivot
Linear system solving: linsolve
Finding linear recurrences : reverse_rsolve
Differential equations
Solving differential equations : desolve deSolve dsolve
Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform : laplace ilaplace
Other functions
Replace small values by 0: epsilon2zero
List of variables : lname indets
List of variables and of expressions : lvar
List of variables of an algebraic expressions: algvar
Test if a variable is in an expression : has
Numeric evaluation : evalf
Rational approximation : float2rational exact
Graphs
Graph and geometric objects attributes
Individual attributes
Global attributes
Graph of a function : plotfunc funcplot DrawFunc Graph
2-d graph
3-d graph
3-d graph with rainbow colors
4-d graph.
2d graph for Maple compatibility : plot
3d surfaces for Maple compatibility plot3d
Graph of a line and tangent to a graph
Draw a line : line
Draw an 2D horizontal line : LineHorz
Draw a 2D vertical line : LineVert
Tangent to a 2D graph : LineTan
Tangent to a 2D graph : tangent
Intersection of a 2D graph with the axis
Graph of inequations with 2 variables : plotinequation inequationplot
Graph of the area below a curve : plotarea areaplot
Contour lines: plotcontour contourplot DrwCtour
2-d graph of a 2-d function with colors : plotdensity densityplot
Implicit graph: plotimplicit implicitplot
2D implicit curve
3D implicit surface
Parametric curves and surfaces : plotparam paramplot DrawParm
2D parametric curve
3D parametric surface : plotparam paramplot DrawParm
Curve defined in polar coordinates : plotpolar polarplot DrawPol courbe_polaire
Graph of a recurrent sequence : plotseq seqplot graphe_suite
Tangent field : plotfield fieldplot
Plotting a solution of a differential equation : plotode odeplot
Interactive plotting of solutions of a differential equation : interactive_plotode interactive_odeplot
Animated graphs (2D, 3D or "4D")
Animation of a 2D graph : animate
Animation of a 3D graph : animate3d
Animation of a sequence of graphic objects : animation
Numerical computations
Floating point representation.
Digits
Representation by hardware floats
Examples of representations of normalized floats
Difference between the representation of (3.1-3) and of 0.1
Approx. evaluation : evalf approx and Digits
Numerical algorithms
Approximate solution of an equation : newton
Approximate computation of the derivative number : nDeriv
Approximate computation of integrals : romberg nInt
Approximate solution of y'=f(t,y) : odesolve
Approximate solution of the system v'=f(t,v) : odesolve
Solve equations with fsolve nSolve
fsolve or nSolve with the option bisection_solver
fsolve or nSolve with the option brent_solver
fsolve or nSolve with the option falsepos_solver
fsolve or nSolve with the option newton_solver
fsolve or nSolve with the option secant_solver
fsolve or nSolve with the option steffenson_solver
Solve systems with fsolve
fsolve with the option dnewton_solver
fsolve with the option hybrid_solver
fsolve with the option hybrids_solver
fsolve with the option newtonj_solver
fsolve with the option hybridj_solver
fsolve with the option hybridsj_solver
Numeric roots of a polynomial : proot
Numeric factorization of a matrix : cholesky qr lu svd
Unit objects and physical constants
Unit objects
Notation of unit objects
Computing with units
Convert units into MKSA units : mksa
Convert units : convert
Factorize an unit : ufactor
Simplify an unit : usimplify
Unit prefixes
Constants
Notation of physical constants
Constants Library
giac
documentation written by Renée De Graeve and Bernard Parisse