9.4.7 Normal distributions
The probability density function for a normal distribution: normald loi_normal
The density function of the normal distribution with mean µ and
standard deviation σ at the point x is
normald(µ,σ,x) = | | e(x−µ)2/2
(4) |
The normald (or loi_normal) command finds the
value of this density function.
-
normald (or loi_normal) command takes two
optional arguments and one mandatory argument:
-
Optionally, µ and σ, the mean and standard
deviation. (By default, µ=0 and σ = 1, giving the
standard normal distribution.)
- x, a real number.
- normald([µ,σ,] x) returns the value of the
normal density function with parameter µ and standard deviation
σ at the value x, given in (4).
Examples.
-
Input:
normald(2,1,3)
Output:
- Input:
normald(2)
Output:
The cumulative distribution function for normal distributions: normal_cdf normald_cdf
The normal_cdf (or normald_cdf) command computes
the cumulative distribution function for the normal distribution.
-
normal_cdf (or normald_cdf) takes three
optional arguments and one mandatory argument:
-
Optionally, µ and σ, the mean and standard
deviation. (By default, µ=0 and σ = 1, giving the
standard normal distribution.)
- x, a real number.
- Optionally, y, a real number.
- normal_cdf([µ,σ,] x) returns
Prob(X ≤ x) for the normal distribution with mean µ
and standard deviation σ.
- normal_cdf([µ,σ,]x,y) returns
Prob(x ≤ X ≤ y).
Examples.
-
Input:
normal_cdf(1,2,1.96)
Output:
- Input:
normal_cdf(1,2.1,1.2)
Output:
- Input:
normal_cdf(1,2.1,1.2,9)
Output:
The inverse distribution function for normal distributions: normal_icdf normald_icdf
The normal_icdf (or normald_icdf) command computes
the inverse distribution for the normal distribution.
-
normal_icdf (or normald_icdf) takes two
optional arguments and one mandatory argument:
-
Optionally, µ and σ, the mean and standard
deviation. (By default, µ=0 and σ = 1, giving the
standard normal distribution.)
- h, a real number.
- normal_icdf([µ,σ,] h) returns the inverse
distribution for the normal distribution with mean µ and
standard deviation σ; namely, the value of x for which
Prob(X ≤ x) = h.
Examples.
-
Input:
normal_icdf(0.975)
Output:
- Input:
normal_icdf(1,2,0.495)
Output:
The upper tail cumulative function for normal distributions: UTPN
The UTPN (the Upper Tail Probability - Normal distribution)
computes Prob(X > x) for a normal distribution.
-
UTPN takes two
optional arguments and one mandatory argument:
-
Optionally, µ and σ2, the mean variance
deviation. (By default, µ=0 and σ2 = 1, giving the
standard normal distribution.)
Note: Unlike normald and normal_cdf,
the UTPN takes the variance and not the standard deviation.
- x, a real number.
- UTPN([µ,σ2,] x) returns
Prob(X > x), for the normal distribution with mean
µ and variance σ2.
Examples.
-
Input:
UTPN(1.96)
Output:
- Input:
UTPN(1,4,1.96)
Output: